In Oklahoma, the ACLU filed a lawsuit last month on behalf of Sgt. These law enforcement practices soon spread to train stations and bus terminals, as well. In the 1980s, with the emergence of the crack market, skin color alone became a major profile component, and, to an increasing extent, black travelers in the nation's airports and found themselves the subjects of frequent interrogations and suspicionless searches by the DEA and the U.S. Did the person appear to be nervous? Did he pay for his airline ticket in cash and in large bills? Was he going to or arriving from a destination considered a place of origin of cocaine, heroin or marijuana? Was he traveling under an alias? The characteristics of the Markonni profile were behavioral. By 1979, Markonni's drug courier profile was in use at over 20 airports.

The first profile was reportedly developed in the early 1970s by a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Special Agent named Paul Markonni while he was assigned to surveillance duty at the Detroit Metropolitan Airport. The profile, described by one court as 'an informally compiled abstract of characteristics thought typical of persons carrying illicit drugs,' had been used in the war on drugs for some time.

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